I-Abstraction ebusa umhlaba

Imali ibilokhu futhi ichazwa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene - kwesinye isikhathi ifanekisela kakhulu, njengomthombo wobubi emhlabeni, kwesinye isikhathi ngokusobala, njengendlela yokufinyelela esiphethweni. Njengamanje, kubhekwa ngokuyinhloko njengohlobo lwesu noma ubuchwepheshe okwenza ukuphila kube lula kumuntu. Eqinisweni, ubelokhu enjalo.

Ngokunembayo, njengoba yaba yinto enemibandela, engokomfanekiso futhi engabonakali. Ngenkathi abantu beshintshana ngezimpahla ezahlukene,. Izinhlamvu zemali zensimbi zase ziyisinyathelo esibheke ekujwayeleni, nakuba ucezu lwensimbi eyigugu nalo luyimpahla. Kodwa-ke, imali yaba i-abstraction kanye nethuluzi ngomqondo ogcwele wegama lapho beqala ukusebenzisa amagobolondo emi ngokwabo, futhi ekugcineni - imali engamaphepha (1).

Yize imali yamaphepha yaziwa eChina naseMongolia kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi, umsebenzi wangempela wemali yephepha waqala cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, lapho iqala ukusetshenziswa eYurophu. Ngaleso sikhathi, amarisidi ediphozithi akhishwe izikhungo ezihlukahlukene (kuhlanganise namabhange) aqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhwebeni kwezentengiselwano, okuqinisekisa idiphozi yemali ehambisanayo ku-bullion. Umnikazi wesibambiso esinjalo angasishintsha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi nomuntu osikhiphile ukuze athole okulinganayo ngokwemali.

Kwezentengiselwano, imali engamaphepha yaba indlela yempumelelo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inani layo lakhula. izinsongoezazivele zaziwa ngenkathi yensimbi. Lapho abakhiphi bebaningi, amathuba engeziwe omgunyathi.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, uNicolaus Copernicus waphawula ukuthi uma imali yekhwalithi ehlukene yayisakazwa, imali yayiqoqwe kangcono ngabasebenzisi, okwabangela ukuba baphoqwe emakethe ngemali ephansi. Ngokuvela kwephepha lemali, umkhuba wokwenza imali yomgunyathi wanda. Akumangazi ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe ngamanye azama ukulawula ngokucacile le ngxenye yemakethe futhi anciphisa kakhulu inani labakhiphile. Njengamanje, ama-banknotes ngokuvamile angakhishwa yibhange elikhulu likazwelonke.

Imiphumela yokuthenga izindiza ezinkulu

Ngawo-60, lapho izinkampani zezindiza zenza ama-oda azo okuqala endiza engu-747 ne-DC-10 enomzimba obanzi, kwaphakama inkinga. Izimoto eziwubhazabhaza nobuningi bezihlalo ezidayiswa kuzo kusho ukuthi zikhule kanye kanye izindimbane zabantu abeza ezindaweni ezihlinzeka amakhasimende. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuvinjelwe izinxushunxushu, izindiza zezindiza zaqala ukufuna indlela yokusheshisa ukuthengiswa kwamathikithi kanye nokucutshungulwa kwedatha yabagibeli. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhange, izitolo, nenqwaba yezinhlobo zesevisi ezintsha zazinezinkinga ezifanayo ezazidinga ukufinyelela okungaphazamiseki emalini, ngaphandle kwemingcele yesikhathi, njengamahora okuvulwa kwezikhungo zezimali.

2. Amakhadi emigqa yamagnetic

Uxazulule izinkinga zamabhange I-ATM. Endabeni yezinkampani zezindiza, kwakhiwe idivayisi efanayo engalandelela ukubhukha futhi ikhiphe amaphasi okugibela. Kwadingeka kwakhiwe umshini wokuqoqa imali nokukhipha imibhalo. Nokho, ukuze amakhasimende athembe amathuluzi anjalo, onjiniyela kwakudingeka baqhamuke nendlela eyayizovumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babonakale kalula, kuyilapho bekholisa bonke abahilelekile ukuthi yayishesha, ilula futhi ivikelekile.

Impendulo yayiyikhadi kazibuthe. Yathuthukiswa yi-IBM, yethulwa ngeminyaka yawo-70s, yasabalala emhlabeni wonke ngeminyaka yama-80s, futhi yagcina isitholakala yonke indawo ngeminyaka yawo-90s.

Nokho, okokuqala abahleli bezinhlelo kwakudingeka bathole indlela yokubeka idatha ekhadini ngalinye. Ekugcineni, kwakhethwa isixazululo esilula - ukuqoshwa kwe-multitrack, ubuchwepheshe obusha uma kuqhathaniswa obuvumela amasethi amabili ahlukene edatha ukuthi afakwe ikhodi kumugqa owodwa kazibuthe. Imboni ngayinye ingazibekela ngokuzimela izindinganiso zendlela yayo. Kwakukhona ngisho nendawo yethrekhi yesithathu, eyayivumela imboni yokonga nokubolekwa ukuthi irekhode imininingwane yokwenziwayo ekhadini ngokwalo.

Ithrekhi ngayinye kulawa amathathu yayinobubanzi obungu-0,28 cm nesehlukanisi esincane serekhodi. Indlela yokuqala eyabelwe imboni yezindiza yayihlanganisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, inombolo ye-akhawunti (amadijithi angu-19), igama (izinhlamvu ezingu-26 ze-alphanumeric) kanye nedatha ehlukahlukene (kufika kumadijithi angu-12). Ithrekhi yesibili, eyabelwe amabhange, iqukethe inombolo ye-akhawunti eyinhloko (kufika kumadijithi angu-19) kanye nedatha ehlukahlukene (kufika kumadijithi angu-12). Ifomethi efanayo isasetshenziswa nanamuhla.

NgoJanuwari 1970, i-American Express yakhipha u-$250 kumakhasimende aseChicago. amakhadi omugqa kazibuthe futhi afake izinto zokubala zamathikithi okuzisiza endaweni yamathikithi e-American Airlines esikhumulweni sezindiza saseChicago O'Hare. Abanikazi bamakhadi bangathenga amathikithi namaphasi okugibela esitodlwaneni noma kumenzeli. Basondele ezitobhini.

Ikhadi lokukhokha lomugqa kazibuthe selibe obunye bobuchwepheshe obuphumelele kakhulu engxenyeni yekhulu edlule (2). Yaphuma phakathi nawo-80's. ubuchwepheshe bekhadi elihlakaniphile. Amakhadi ahlakaniphile abukeka ngendlela efanayo, futhi amaningi asaqukethe umucu kazibuthe ozosetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho abafundi bekhadi elihlakaniphile bengatholakali khona, kodwa ane-microprocessor eyakhelwe engxenyeni yepulasitiki yekhadi.

Le chip ilandela umkhondo womsebenzi wekhadi, okusho ukuthi cishe u-85% wokuthenga ungagunyazwa ngokusekelwe kulwazi olugcinwe ku-chip kuphela, ngaphandle kokudlula kunethiwekhi.

Sibonga "kubagqugquzeli" bayo yonke iphrojekthi - izinhlelo zokukhokha ezifana ne-Visa - izinkokhelo zamakhadi zinikeza ikhasimende isiqinisekiso sokubuyisela imali uma kwenzeka iphutha kunkontileka. Lesi siqinisekiso sihlinzekwa yibhange, inkampani yokukhokhelana imali kanye nesikhungo sokukhokha ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kweklayenti. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-70s, amakhadi epulasitiki abe enye indlela ebaluleke kakhulu kunokheshi.

Umhlaba ongenamali?

Naphezu kwempumelelo yabo, amakhadi awakakakwazi ukuvala imali ebonakalayo. Yebo, sizwa yonke indawo ukuthi ukuphela kwemali akunakugwenywa. Amazwe afana neDenmark avala iminti yawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukukhathazeka okuningi ukuthi i-100% yemali ye-elekthronikhi ingu-100% wokubhekwa. Ingabe izindlela ezintsha zezimali, isb. kryptowalutyukunqoba lokhu kwesaba?

Izikhungo zezimali emhlabeni wonke - kusukela e-European Central Bank kuya emazweni ase-Afrika - ziya ngokuya ziba nokungabaza ngemali. Iziphathimandla zentela ziphikelela ekuyilahleni, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukugwema izintela ekujikelezeni kwe-electronic okulawulwayo. Baphinde basekelwe ngamaphoyisa nezinye izinhlaka zomthetho.okuyinto, njengoba sazi kumafilimu obugebengu, amapotimende anamaphepha emali yamasonto amakhulu athandwa kakhulu ... Ngaphezu kwalokho, emazweni amaningi, abanikazi bezitolo ezisengozini yokugetshengwa bayancipha ukugcina ukheshi.

Amazwe aseScandinavia, ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi yi-post-cash, abonakala ekulungele kangcono ukuvalelisa ngemali ebonakalayo. EDenmark, lokhu kwakusesekuqaleni kwawo-90, kuyilapho eminyakeni yamuva nje kwakucishe kube ingxenye yesihlanu. Imakethe yasendaweni ibuswa amakhadi nezicelo zokukhokha ngeselula. I-Danish Central Bank ihlole nakamuva ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezibonakalayo.

Ngokwezimemezelo, ngo-2030 imali izonyamalala eSweden. Mayelana nalokhu, incintisana neNorway, lapho kuphela cishe u-5% wokuthengiselana okwenziwa ngokheshi. Akulula ukuthola isitolo noma indawo yokudlela lapho (3) ezokwamukela inani elikhulu ngendlela evamile.

3. Ibha ye-Cashless eSweden

lokhu kuqhutshwa isiko elikhethekile elikhona lapho, elisekelwe ekwethembeni okukhulu kwabantu ezikhungweni zikahulumeni, izikhungo zezimali kanye namabhange. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona nomnotho wethunzi emazweni aseScandinavia. Kodwa manje njengoba izingxenye ezine kwezinhlanu zakho konke ukuthengiselana kwenziwa ngemali ye-elekthronikhi, zonke sezinyamalele. Ngisho noma isitolo noma ibhange lisivumela ukheshi, lapho sihweba ngezizumbulu, kufanele sichaze ukuthi siyithathephi. Abasebenzi bamabhange kuze kudingeke ukuthi babikele amaphoyisa ngezigameko ezinkulu zalolu hlobo. Ukulahla iphepha nensimbi nakho kuletha ukonga. Lapho amabhange aseSweden eshintsha izisefo afaka ama-computer futhi eqeda isidingo sokuthutha amathani emali engamaphepha ngamaloli ahlomile, azinciphisa kakhulu izindleko zawo.

Ngisho naseSweden, nokho, kunohlobo oluthile lokumelana nokuqoqwa kwemali. Amandla ayo amakhulu abantu abadala, abakuthola kunzima ukushintshela emakhadini okukhokha, ingasaphathwa eyokukhokha ngeselula.

Ngale kwalokho abanye baveza ukuthi ukuthembela ngokuphelele ohlelweni lwe-elekthronikhi kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu uma uhlelo lwehluleka. Sekuvele kube namacala anjalo - ngokwesibonelo, komunye wemikhosi yomculo waseSweden, ukwehluleka kwamatheminali okukhokha kwaholela ekuvuselelweni kohwebo lokuhwebelana.

Hhayi kuphela iScandinavia eqhubekela phambili ekuhwebeni okungenamali. IBelgium inesivimbelo sokusebenzisa imali yephepha ekuhwebeni kwezindlu. Umkhawulo wama-euro angu-3 nawo wethulwa ezinkokhelweni zemali ngaphakathi kwezwe. Iziphathimandla zaseFrance zibika ukuthi izakhamizi ezingama-92% seziyishiyile imali yephepha empilweni yazo yansuku zonke. Ama-89% abantu baseBrithani basebenzisa i-e-banking kuphela nsuku zonke. Ngokulandelayo, iBhange LaseKorea libikezela ukuthi ngo-2020 izwe lizoyilahla imali yendabuko.

Njengoba kwenzeka, ukuguqukela emnothweni ongenamali kwenzeka ngaphandle kweNtshonalanga ecebile yase-Asia futhi. Ukuvalelisa e-Afrika kungase kutholakale imali ngokushesha kunalokho okucatshangwa muntu. Isibonelo, iKenya isivele inabasebenzisi ababhalisiwe abayizigidi ezimbalwa bohlelo lokusebenza lwebhange leselula le-MPesa.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo ukuthi elinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu e-Afrika, engaziwa emhlabeni wonke iSomaliland, eyahlukaniswa ngo-1991 neSomalia, egcwele isiphithiphithi sezempi, ingaphambi kwamazwe amaningi athuthukile emkhakheni wokuthengiselana nge-elekthronikhi. Lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yezinga eliphezulu lobugebengu elikhona lapho, okwenza kube yingozi ukugcina imali yakho.

Imali ye-elekthronikhi? Yebo, kodwa okungcono ukungaziwa

Uma ukwazi ukuthenga kuphela ngezinkokhelo ze-elekthronikhi, konke okwenziwayo kuzoshiya uphawu lwakho. Bona-ke bakha umlando okhethekile wempilo yethu. Abantu abaningi abayithandi indaba yokubukwa yonke indawo nguhulumeni nezikhungo zezimali. Okusaba kakhulu abagxeki ukuthi kungenzeka basiphuce ingcebo yethu ngokuchofoza kanye nje. Siyesaba ukunikeza amabhange amandla acishe aphelele phezu kwethu.

Ukwengeza, imali ye-elekthronikhi inikeza iziphathimandla ithuluzi elikahle lokubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nomuntu ophikayo. Isibonelo se-PayPal, i-Visa ne-Mastercard, okwathi ngesinye isikhathi ivimbe izinkokhelo ze-Wikileaks, sibonisa kakhulu. Futhi lena akuyona kuphela indaba yohlobo lwayo. Ngakho-ke, kweminye imibuthano, futhi ngeshwa, ama-cryptocurrensets asekelwe kumaketanga wamabhulokhi abethelwe () athola ukuthandwa.

I-Cryptocurrencies ingafaniswa "nezimali" ezibonakalayo ezivele ku-inthanethi nasemidlalweni kusukela ngeminyaka yama-90. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zemali yedijithali, i-cryptocurrency ethandwa kakhulu, . Abathandi bayo, kanye nabasekeli bezinye izinhlamvu zemali ze-elekthronikhi ezifanayo, bazibona njengethuba lokuvumelanisa ukunethezeka kokujikeleza kwe-elekthronikhi nesidingo sokuvikela ubumfihlo, ngoba kuseyimali ebethelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyimali "yenhlalo", okungenani ngokwethiyori elawulwa hhayi ohulumeni namabhange, kodwa ngesivumelwano esikhethekile sabo bonke abasebenzisi, okungenzeka kube khona izigidi emhlabeni.

Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bathi ukungaziwa kwe-cryptocurrency kuyinkohliso. Okwenziwayo okukodwa kwanele ukunikeza ukhiye wokubethela osesidlangalaleni kumuntu othile. Iqembu elinentshisekelo likwazi nokufinyelela kuwo wonke umlando walo khiye, ngakho umlando wokwenziwe nawo uyavela. Ziyimpendulo yale nselelo. uhlamvu lwemali lwengxubevange. Kodwa-ke, lapho sisebenzisa i-mixer, kufanele sithembele ngokugcwele ku-opharetha oyedwa, kokubili uma kuziwa ekukhokheni ama-bitcoins ahlanganisiwe futhi singavezi ubudlelwano phakathi kwamakheli angenayo naphumayo.

Ingabe i-cryptocurrencies izoba ukuyekethisa okuhle phakathi "kwesidingo esingokomlando" ukuthi imali ye-elekthronikhi ibonakala iyiyo kanye nokuzibophezela ekuyimfihlo emkhakheni wokuthola imali nokusetshenziswa kwemali? Kungenzeka. I-Australia, efuna ukukhipha ukheshi phakathi neminyaka eyishumi, inikeza izakhamuzi into efana ne-bitcoin kazwelonke njengembuyiselo.

I-Bitcoin ayikwazi ukufaka imali esikhundleni

Kodwa-ke, umhlaba wezezimali uyangabaza ukuthi ama-cryptocurrencies azothatha indawo yemali yendabuko ngempela. Namuhla, i-Bitcoin, njenganoma iyiphi enye imali, igqugquzelwa ukuncipha kokuthenjwa kwemali ekhishwa ohulumeni. Nokho, inezihibe ezinkulu njengokuncika ekufinyeleleni ku-inthanethi nogesi. Kukhona nokwesaba ukuthi i-cryptography ngemuva kwe-Bitcoin ngeke isinde ekungqubuzaneni namakhompyutha we-quantum. Nakuba amathuluzi anjalo engakatholakali futhi akwaziwa ukuthi ayoke adalwe yini, wona kanye umbono wokusulwa kwe-akhawunti ngokushesha awukukhuthazi ukusetshenziswa kwemali ebonakalayo.

Embikweni wayo waminyaka yonke kaJulayi walo nyaka, i-Bank for International Settlements (BIS) inikeze isahluko esikhethekile kuma-cryptocurrencies okokuqala ngqa. Ngokusho kwe-BIS, inhloso yabo ukufaka esikhundleni imisebenzi yezikhungo zezimali ezithenjwayo zomphakathi njengamabhange amakhulu kanye namabhange, ubuchwepheshe be-ledger esabalalisiwe () kanye ne . Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwababhali balolu cwaningo, ama-cryptocurrencies awakwazi ukushintshwa kwezixazululo ezikhona emkhakheni wokukhishwa kwemali.

Inkinga enkulu nge-cryptocurrencies isele kubo izinga eliphezulu lokwabiwa kwamazwefuthi ukudala ukwethenjwa okudingekayo kubangela ukumosheka okukhulu kwamandla ekhompyutha, akusebenzi kahle futhi akuzinzile. Ukugcina ukwethenjwa kudinga umsebenzisi ngamunye ukuthi alande futhi aqinisekise umlando wakho konke ukuthenga okwake kwenziwa, okuhlanganisa inani elikhokhiwe, okhokhayo, okhokhelwayo kanye nenye idatha, edinga amandla amakhulu ekhompyutha, iba kungasebenzi futhi kudla inani elikhulu lamandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthembela kuma-cryptocurrencies kunganyamalala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngenxa yokuntuleka komkhiphi omaphakathi oqinisekisa ukuzinza kwawo. I-Cryptocurrency ingancipha ngokuzumayo noma iyeke ukusebenza ngokuphelele (4).

4. Ibhola le-bitcoin elimelwe ngokomfanekiso

Amabhange amakhulu azinzisa inani lezimali zikazwelonke ngokulungisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezindlela zokukhokha ezidingweni zokuthengiselana. Ngaleso sikhathi, yona kanye indlela ama-cryptocurrensets adalwa ngayo isho ukuthi awakwazi ukuphendula ngokuguquguqukayo ezinguqukweni ezifunwayo, ngoba lokhu kwenziwa ngokulandela umthetho olandelwayo onquma inombolo yawo kusenesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kwesidingo kuholela ekushintsheni ekulinganisweni kwezimali ze-crypto.

Naphezu kokukhula okuphawulekayo kwenani ngezikhathi ezithile, i-Bitcoin ayizange ibe yindlela elula yokukhokha. Ungakwazi ukutshala imali kuyo noma ucabange ngakho ngokuhwebelana okukhethekile, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukuthenga ubisi namabhanisi ngakho. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe obubekwe ngaphansi kwe-cryptocurrencies, ngeke buthathe indawo yemali yendabuko, nakuba bungasetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo. Ochwepheshe be-BIS bakhuluma lapha, isibonelo, ukwenziwa lula kwezinqubo zokuphatha lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi yezezimali noma izinsizakalo zokukhokha eziwela imingcele ngamanani amancane.

I-inthanethi yezinto nemali

Njengamanje bahlasela indawo yemali izinkokhelo zeselula. Emhlabeni jikelele eminyakeni yamuva nje bekunomkhuba wokukhuthaza abantu ukuthi basebenzise omakhalekhukhwini babo uma bethenga. Ezinhlelweni zokukhokha eziphathwayo, ifoni ivele ibe ikhadi lesikweletu, igcine imininingwane efanayo neyekhadi futhi ixhumane netheminali encane yekhadi lesikweletu lomthengisi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bomsakazo obubizwa ngokuthi. (5).

5. Inkokhelo ngendlela yokuxhumana yasensimini eseduze

Akumele kube yi-smartphone. Esikhathini se-inthanethi, ngisho nesiqandisi sethu, esixhumana ne-smartphone yethu, izo-oda uwoyela egameni lethu lapho izinzwa zikhombisa ukuthi uphelelwa isitokwe. Sigunyaza kuphela isivumelwano. Ngokulandelayo, imoto izokhokhela uphethiloli ngokwayo ngokusungula uxhumano olukude netheminali yokukhokha esikhundleni sethu. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ikhadi lokukhokha "lizothungwa" kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi. izibuko ezihlakaniphile ezizothatha eminye yemisebenzi ye-smartphone (ezokuqala ezibizwa ngokuthi sezivele zidayiswa).

Kukhona nendlela entsha ngokuphelele yokukhokha nge-inthanethi - usebenzisa izipikha ezihlakaniphilenjenge-Google Home noma i-Amazon Echo, eyaziwa nangokuthi abasizi basekhaya. Izikhungo zezezimali zihlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa lo mqondo kumshwalense namabhange. Ngeshwa, ukukhathazeka okuyimfihlo, njengokurekhodwa okungahleliwe kwezingxoxo zomndeni kusetshenziswa imishini yasekhaya ehlakaniphile kanye nehlazo lakamuva le-Facebook lokuqoqwa kwedatha yabasebenzisi, kungase kubambezele ukukhula nokusabalala kwalobu buchwepheshe.

I-Financial Technology Innovators

Yayiyintsha ngeminyaka yawo-90s. PayPal, isevisi ekuvumela ukuthi wenze izinkokhelo ezilula ku-inthanethi. Zaziningi ezinye izindlela zakhe ngaso leso sikhathi. Iminyaka eminingana, imibono emisha ibigxile kuzixazululo zeselula kusetshenziswa ama-smartphone. Esinye seziqalo zokuqala zaleli gagasi elisha kwakuyiMelika Dwola (6), eyethula uhlelo lokukhokha ku-inthanethi oluklanyelwe ukweqa abaqhubi bamakhadi esikweletu.

6. I-Dwalla Administration kanye nendlunkulu

Imali efakwe ku-akhawunti yasebhange ku-akhawunti ye-Dwolla ingathunyelwa ngokushesha kunoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzisi walesi simiso ngokufaka inombolo yakhe yocingo, ikheli le-imeyili noma igama le-Twitter ohlelweni locingo. Ngokombono womsebenzisi, ukukhanga okukhulu kwesevisi yizindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokudlulisa, uma kuqhathaniswa namabhange kanye, isibonelo, i-PayPal. I-Shopify, inkampani ethengisa isofthiwe yokuthenga ku-inthanethi, inikeza i-Dwolla njengendlela yokukhokha.

Entsha, futhi esevele ikhanya kakhulu kunabanye, inkanyezi kulo mkhakha okhula ngokushesha - Revolut - into efana nephakethe lama-akhawunti ebhange ohlobo lwemali yangaphandle ehlanganiswe nekhadi lokukhokha elibonakalayo noma eliphathekayo. Leli akulona ibhange, kodwa isevisi yekilasi elaziwa ngegama lalo (isifinyezo). Ayikhaviwe ohlelweni lwesiqinisekiso sediphozithi, ngakho ngeke kube ukuhlakanipha ukudlulisa imali oyilondolozile lapha. Nokho, ngemva kokufaka inani elithile ku-Revolta, sithola amathuba amaningi amathuluzi ezezimali endabuko angawanikezi.

I-Revolut isuselwe kuhlelo lokusebenza lweselula. Abantu bangasebenzisa izinguqulo ezimbili zesevisi - mahhala futhi inwetshwe ngezici ezengeziwe zeprimiyamu. Uhlelo lungalandwa ku-Google Play noma ku-App Store - uhlelo lokusebenza lulungiselelwa kuphela amapulatifomu amabili amakhulu. Inqubo yokubhalisa akufanele ibangele ubunzima nakubasebenzisi be-smartphone abaqalayo. Udinga ukudala iphasiwedi enezinhlamvu ezine edingekayo ukuze usebenzise uhlelo.

Singakwazi futhi ukusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric sisebenzisa isithwebuli sezigxivizo zeminwe ocingweni. Ngemva kokuvula i-akhawunti, sesivele sinesikhwama semali kagesi esihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo zemali. Sekukonke, kusekelwa izinhlobo zemali ezingama-25, okuhlanganisa i-zloty yasePoland. Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-Revolut ukungabikho kwamakhomishana okushintshana nokusetshenziswa kwamazinga emakethe ye-interbank (ayikho imajini eyengeziwe). Abasebenzisi benguqulo yamahhala yephakheji banqunyelwe - ngaphandle kwekhomishini, ungashintshanisa okulingana ne-PLN 20 0,5 ngenyanga. i-zloty. Ngaphezulu kwalo mkhawulo, kuvela ikhomishini engu-XNUMX%.

Inqubo yokubhalisa elula ayidingi ukuqinisekiswa kobuwena. Ngokweqile, umsebenzisi angakwazi ukufaka idatha engelona iqiniso futhi aqalise isikhwama se-elekthronikhi - noma kunjalo, kulesi sigaba, uzothola umkhiqizo olinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngokuhambisana nemithetho ye-EU mayelana nokuthengiselana nge-elekthronikhi kanye nokuvimbela ukushushumbiswa kwemali, inani eliphakeme le-PLN 1 lingafakwa ku-akhawunti ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okugcwele. złoty phakathi nonyaka.

Ungakwazi ukukhokhela i-akhawunti yakho ngokudluliswa kwebhange, ekhadini lokukhokha, nge-Google Pay - usebenzisa imininingwane yekhadi egcinwe ku-Google wallet yeselula. Abasebenzisi benguqulo yamahhala ye-Revolut bangakwazi futhi uku-oda i-Mastercard ekhokhelwa ngaphambili noma ikhadi elibonakalayo (7), elibonakala ngokushesha kuhlelo lokusebenza futhi elenzelwe ukuthengwa kwe-inthanethi. Ikhadi elibonakalayo likhishwa mahhala.

7. Ikhadi le-Revolut nohlelo lokusebenza

Kunezinkampani eziningi ze-fintech nezicelo zokukhokha laphaya. Ake sikhulume, ngokwesibonelo, njenge-Stripe, WePay, Braintree, Skrill, Venmo, Payoneer, Payza, Zelle. Futhi lokhu kuyisiqalo nje. Umsebenzi kulo mkhakha usaqala.

Awufaki izinga le-hemoglobin

Imali ingalahleka noma ilahleke lapho sibhekene nesela. Okufanayo kusebenza ekhadini, elingadingi ukwebiwa ngokomzimba ukuze uthole ukufinyelela kumali ye-elekthronikhi - kwanele ukuyiskena futhi uhlole kuqala ikhodi ye-PIN. Kungenzeka futhi ukweba noma Hack umakhalekhukhwini. Yingakho ke izindlela ze-biometric ziye zahlongozwa njengamathuluzi obuchwepheshe bemali.

Abanye bethu sebevele bangena kuma-smartphones ethu futhi basebhange kuma-smartphone ethu. izigxivizo zeminweengasetshenziswa futhi ukukhipha imali kwamanye ama-ATM. Kunamabhange okuqala lapho kugcinwa khona amarekhodi singena ngezwi lethu. Ubuchwepheshe bokufakazela ubuqiniso bezwi bubuye bahlolwa yi-Australian Revenue Service iminyaka emine. Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3,6 abafake izicelo zokuhlolwa, ngokusho komele isikhungo, kanti isibalo kulindeleke ukuthi sidlule ezigidini ezine ekupheleni kuka-2018.

Inkampani yaseShayina i-Alibaba yamemezela eminyakeni embalwa edlule ukuthi ihlose ukwethula ukugunyazwa kokukhokha. ubuchwepheshe bokubona ubuso - ikakhulukazi kuma-smartphones. Ngesikhathi se-CeBIT, abamele i-Alibaba bethule isixazululo (“smile to pay”).

Muva nje, ungasebenzisa ubuso ukuze ukhokhele ukugcwaliswa kwe-oda enguqulweni yesiShayina yochungechunge lwe-KFC (9). Uphiko lwezezimali lwe-Alibaba i-Ant Financial, engumtshali-zimali ochungechungeni lwe-KPro (i-KFC yaseChina), yethule leli thuba edolobheni laseHangzhou. Uhlelo lusebenzisa isithombe sekhasimende esithathwe ikhamera ye-3D, bese sigcinwa kusizindalwazi. Ukuze ahlaziye izithombe, ucabangela izindawo ezingaba ngamakhulu ayisithupha ebusweni kanye nebanga eliphakathi kwazo. Amakhasimende adinga kuphela ukusayina isivumelwano sokukhokha ne-Alipay kusengaphambili.

9. Ukuqinisekiswa kwebhayomethrikhi kokwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuskena kobuso nge-Chinese KFC

E-Wuzhen, idolobha elinomlando elivakashelwa izigidi zezivakashi minyaka yonke, sekwenzeke ukuya ezindaweni eziningi ukuze ubonise ubuso obuskenwe ngaphambilini bese ubuxhumanisa nenketho yethikithi lokungena elithengiwe. Yonke le nqubo ithatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwesekhondi futhi inkampani ithi uhlelo lunemba ngo-99,7%.

Kodwa-ke, kuvela ukuthi akuzona zonke izindlela "zendabuko" ze-biometric eziphephile ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathwala izingozi ezengeziwe. Muva nje eMalaysia, izigebengu ezifuna ukuqala imoto ebizayo efundeka izigxivizo zeminwe lapho ivutha ziqhamuke neqhinga... lokunquma umnikazi wemoto.

Ngakho-ke, sihlala sifuna izixazululo eziphephe ngokuphelele nezisebenzayo. Emkhakheni wezezimali, u-Hitachi no-Fujitsu bebesebenza kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ukuze bahwebe ngobuchwepheshe obukhomba abantu ngokusekelwe kulokho. ukumisa imithambo yegazi (isishiyagalombili). Ngemva kokufaka ikhadi lasebhange ku-ATM, kuvela umyalo esikrinini ukuze unamathisele umunwe wakho endaweni yokuphuma yepulasitiki. Ukukhanya okuseduze kwe-infrared kukhanyisa izinhlangothi zombili zokusikeka, futhi ikhamera engezansi ithatha isithombe semithambo esemunweni bese isiqhathanisa nephethini erekhodiwe. Uma kukhona okufanayo, kuvela isiqinisekiso esibukweni umzuzwana, bese ungafaka i-PIN yakho bese uqhubeke nokwenza. Ibhange laseJapan i-Kyoto Bank lethula uhlelo lwe-biometric ngo-8, futhi kuze kube manje, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yamakhasimende ayo ayizigidi ezintathu aselukhethile.

Izixazululo zezinkampani ezimbili ezishiwo ngenhla zihlukile komunye nomunye. U-Hitachi uthatha i-x-ray yeminwe yakhe bese ethatha isithombe kolunye uhlangothi. I-Fujitsu ibonisa ukukhanya okuvela kuyo yonke ingalo futhi isebenzisa inzwa ukuze ibone ukukhanya okungamuncwe imithambo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela eziningi ze-biometric, izikena zemithambo ziyashesha futhi zinembile. Kunzima nokweba lapha. Ngisho noma isela linqamula ingalo yethu ukuze likhohlise isithwebuli semithambo, kwakuyodingeka ngandlela thize ligcine lonke igazi ngaphakathi kwesitho esinqanyuliwe. Igazi elinezinga elithile le-hemoglobin kuphela elidonsa ukukhanya ku-spectrum eseduze ye-infrared, lapho umfundi esebenza khona.

Nokho, kunokungabaza okuningi ngale nqubo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amakhasimende awawuthandi umqondo wokuthi ibhange ligcine omazisi bawo bebhayomethrikhi kusizindalwazi. Futhi, uma izigebengu zingangena kulesi sizindalwazi, ukuhlolwa kwebhayomethrikhi bekuzophela unomphela (futhi unomphela) kuwo wonke amaklayenti ama-akhawunti awo ahlaselwe - abengeke akwazi ukuthola isethi entsha yemithambo!

Ngakho u-Hitachi wakha uhlelo lapho ikhadi lebhange lekhasimende ligcina khona isifanekiso sebhayomethrikhi, futhi isithombe esithathwe inzwa ku-ATM sifaniswa nesithombe esisekhadini. I-Fujitsu isebenzisa uhlelo olufanayo. Uma ikhadi lintshontshiwe, kuzoba nzima ngisho kubaduni abathuthuke kakhulu ukuthi bathole ukufinyelela kudatha ye-biometric. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amakhadi alungiselelwe ukuthi amukele kuphela idatha evela kunzwa ye-ATM, hhayi ukudlulisa idatha kukhompuyutha yangaphandle.

Kodwa-ke, ingabe siyoke siphile size sibone usuku lapho singakuyeka ngokuphelele ukubhanga, izikweletu, ukudonswa kwemali, izitolo, ama-PIN card, izincwadi zokushayela ngisho nemali ngokwayo - phela, yimithambo yethu noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo eziyoba ezethu? izikhwama zemali?

imali ye-polymer

Futhi kuthiwani ukuphepha kwemali? Lo mbuzo uya kuzo zonke izinhlobo zawo, kusukela emalini endala ukuya kumaqhinga we-wallet abhalwe ebusweni.

Uma nje imali yamaphepha isabusa, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuphepha zemali engamaphepha kwadlala indima ebalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe bezimali. Ukuklanywa kwe-banknote ngokwayo - izinga lobunkimbinkimbi bayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziningi ezinemininingwane, ezihlukahlukene, ezihambisanayo nezingena ngaphakathi kwezithombe nombala, njll., kungenye yezindlela zokuqala, izithiyo eziyinhloko zomgunyathi ongenzeka.

Iphepha ngokwalo liyisivikelo - izinga elihle kakhulu, elibalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuqina kwama-banknotes nama-fake, kodwa futhi nokutholakala kwezinhlelo zezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe esiteji sokukhiqiza. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezweni lakithi, iphepha likakotini lama-banknotes likhiqizwa efektri ekhethekile yephepha ye-Polish Security Printing House.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene ziyasetshenziswa namuhla. izimpawu zamanzi - ukusuka ku-monochromatic, enophawu olulula noma olumnyama kunephepha, ngokusebenzisa i-filigree nombala-mbili, ukuya kumathoni amaningi nomthelela wokuguquka okushelelayo kusuka kwethoni elula kakhulu ukuya kwemnyama kakhulu.

Ezinye izixazululo ezisetshenzisiwe zihlanganisa imicu yokuzivikela, elishumekwe esakhiweni sephepha, elibonakala emini, i-ultraviolet noma ukukhanya kwe-infrared, izintambo zokuphepha ezingenziwa ngensimbi, zidaywe, zikhanye emisebeni ye-UV, zingaphrintwa kancane, ziqukathe izizinda kazibuthe, njll. Iphepha lingaphinda libe ivikelwe ngamakhemikhali, ukuze noma yimuphi umzamo wokuwuphatha ngamakhemikhali ubangela ukwakheka kwamabala acacile futhi angenakucimeka.

Ukuze uqhubeke unzima umsebenzi wabazenzisi, inqubo yokunyathelisa ye-banknote eyinkimbinkimbi, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokunyathelisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhi zokuphepha ezengeziwe ziyethulwa, isibonelo, ingemuva elimelene nekhophi elihlanganisa imigqa emincane emincane kakhulu, ukushintsha kombala okubushelelezi kulo lonke inothi ngesikhathi sokuphrinta kwe-offset, izakhi eziphrintwa nhlangothi zombili ze-banknote, ezihlanganiswa ndawonye kuphela lapho. kubhekwe ngakolunye uhlangothi. ukukhanya, ama-microprints ama-negative kanye nama-positives, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamayinki akhethekile, okuhlanganisa noyinki ocashile akhanya ngaphansi kwesenzo semisebe ye-UV.

Indlela yokuqopha insimbi isetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe umphumela weqhubu lezinto ezingazodwana emalini yemali. Inqubo yokunyathelisa ye-letterpress isetshenziselwa ukunikeza inothi ngayinye inombolo ehlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kokubona (isb. amahologram).

I-National Bank of Poland okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla isebenzisa eziningi zalezi zindlela ezingenhla, kodwa imibono emisha ihlale ivela emhlabeni. Okungenani kuqondwe ngokuyikho ukugwema iphepha. NgoSepthemba 2017, ukuguqulwa kwamanothi angamaphawundi ayishumi abe yiphepha ama-banknotes e-polymer (eziyishumi). Ukusebenza okufanayo kwamanothi angama-10-pound kwenziwa lapho kusukela ngoSepthemba 5 kuya kuMeyi 2016.

10. I-polymer hole punch yezimbobo eziyishumi

Imali ye-polymer imelana kakhulu nomonakalo kunemali yephepha. IBhange LaseNgilandi libika ukuthi ukuphila kwabo kwenkonzo kuyinde ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2,5. Abalahlekelwa lutho ekubukekeni kwabo ngisho nangemva kokugeza emshinini wokuwasha. Futhi, ngokusho kokhiphayo, banokuvikeleka okungcono kunabanduleli babo bephepha.

imali ye-quantum

Naphezu kwengcindezi yokusebenzisa imali ye-elekthronikhi, izindlela ezintsha zokuphepha zemali zisathuthukiswa. Ezinye izazi zefiziksi zithi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwemali, kufanele isetshenziselwe lokhu. izindlela ze-quantum. UScott Aaronson, usosayensi eMassachusetts Institute of Technology, uhlongoze lokho okubizwa imali ye-quantum - umdali wokuqala kwakunguSteven Wiesner, emuva ngo-1969. Ngokomqondo wakhe wangaleso sikhathi, amabhange kwakudingeka "arekhode" ama-photon ayikhulu noma ngaphezulu ku-banknote ngayinye (11). Emashumini amahlanu eminyaka edlule, noma manje, akekho onomqondo wokuthi kwenziwa kanjani. Kodwa-ke, umqondo wokuvikela imali nge-watermark ye-polarized photon usathakazelisa.

Lapho lihlonza inothi noma uhlobo lwemali ngenye indlela, ibhange lizobheka isibaluli esisodwa kuphela se-photon ngayinye (isibonelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwayo okuqondile noma okuvundlile), kushiye zonke ezinye zingakaliwe. Ngenxa yokwenqatshelwa kwethiyori ngokumelene ne-cloning, ngeke kwenzeke ngomgunyathi ocatshangelwayo noma i-hacker ukukala zonke izici ze-photon ngayinye ukuze akhiqize ikhophi noma agcine leyo mali ye-electronic ku-akhawunti yakhe. Futhi ayikwazanga ukukala isibaluli esisodwa se-photon ngayinye, ngoba yibhange kuphela elazi ukuthi zaziyini lezo zimfanelo. Le ndlela yokuphepha nayo ibonakala ivikeleke kakhulu kunombhalo oyimfihlo osetshenziswa kuma-cryptocurrencies.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo modeli ukubethela okuyimfihlo. Kuze kube manje, yibhange elikhiphayo kuphela elingagunyaza ukukhishwa kwamaphepha emakethe, kuyilapho imali ye-Aaronsson quantum, noma ubani angayibheka, iba efanelekile. Lokhu kuzodinga ukhiye osesidlangalaleni ophephe ngokusobala kunalona osetshenziswayo njengamanje. Okwamanje asazi ukuthi singakuthola kanjani ukuqina okwanele kwezifunda ze-quantum. Futhi kuyacaca ukuthi akekho odinga isikhwama semali okuthi ngesinye isikhathi kungazelelwe kuvele “i-decoherence” ye-quantum…

Ngakho-ke, umbono ofinyelela kude kakhulu wekusasa lemali uvezwa ngendlela yesikhwama sebhayomethrikhi ngokusekelwe ezicini zethu zobuso noma eminye imingcele yezinto eziphilayo, engakwazi ukugqekezwa ngenxa yokuthi ivikelwe izindlela zokubethela kwe-quantum. Lokhu kungase kuzwakale kungenangqondo, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi selokhu sasuka kumodeli yempahla ethengiswayo, imali ibilokhu iyinto engabonakali. Bekungeke yini, nokho, kunoma yimuphi wethu kube yinto engasho lutho ngomqondo wokuthi asinakho.