I-5G yomhlaba ohlakaniphile

Kukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi uguquko lwangempela lwe-inthanethi Yezinto luzobangelwa kuphela ukuthandwa kwenethiwekhi ye-inthanethi yeselula yesizukulwane sesihlanu. Le nethiwekhi isazokwakhiwa, kodwa ibhizinisi aliyibheki manje ngokwethulwa kwengqalasizinda ye-IoT.

Ochwepheshe balindele ukuthi i-5G ingabi ukuvela kwemvelo, kodwa ukuguqulwa okuphelele kobuchwepheshe beselula. Lokhu kufanele kuguqule yonke imboni ehambisana nalolu hlobo lokuxhumana. NgoFebhuwari 2017, ngesikhathi sesethulo ku-Mobile World Congress e-Barcelona, ​​​​ummeleli weDeutsche Telekom waze wathi ngenxa ama-smartphone azophela ukuba khona. Uma isidumile, sizohlala siku-inthanethi, cishe ngayo yonke into esizungezile. Futhi kuye ngokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yemakethe ezosebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe (i-telemedicine, izingcingo zezwi, izinkundla zemidlalo, ukuphequlula iwebhu), inethiwekhi izoziphatha ngendlela ehlukile.

Isivinini senethiwekhi ye-5G uma siqhathaniswa nezixazululo zangaphambilini

Phakathi ne-MWC efanayo, izicelo zokuqala zokuhweba zenethiwekhi ye-5G zaboniswa - nakuba lawa magama aphakamisa ukungabaza okuthile, ngoba namanje akwaziwa ukuthi kuzoba yini ngempela. Ukuqagela akuhambisani ngokuphelele. Eminye imithombo ithi i-5G kulindeleke ukuthi inikeze isivinini sokudlulisela samashumi ezinkulungwane zamamegabhithi ngomzuzwana kuya ezinkulungwaneni zabasebenzisi ngasikhathi sinye. Ukucaciswa kokuqala kwe-5G, okumenyezelwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule yi-International Telecommunication Union (ITU), iphakamisa ukuthi ukubambezeleka ngeke kudlule i-4 ms. Idatha kufanele ilandwe ku-20 Gbps futhi ilayishwe ku-10 Gbps. Siyazi ukuthi i-ITU ifuna ukumemezela inguqulo yokugcina yenethiwekhi entsha kulokhu kuwa. Wonke umuntu uvumelana ngento eyodwa - inethiwekhi ye-5G kufanele inikeze ukuxhumana okungenazintambo ngesikhathi esisodwa kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinzwa, okuyisihluthulelo se-inthanethi yezinto kanye nezinsizakalo ezitholakala yonke indawo.

Izinkampani ezihamba phambili ezifana ne-AT&T, NTT DOCOMO, SK Telecom, Vodafone, LG Electronic, Sprint, Huawei, ZTE, Qualcomm, Intel, nezinye eziningi zikwenze kwacaca ukusekela kwazo ukusheshisa umugqa wesikhathi wokumisa we-5G. Bonke ababambiqhaza bafuna ukuqala ukuthengisa lo mqondo ekuqaleni kuka-2019. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-European Union yamemezela uhlelo lwe-5G PPP () lokunquma isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwamanethiwekhi esizukulwane esilandelayo. Ngo-2020, amazwe e-EU kufanele akhulule imvamisa engu-700 MHz ebekelwe leli zinga.

Inethiwekhi ye-5G iyisipho sobuchwepheshe obusha

Izinto ezingazodwa aziyidingi i-5G

Ngokusho kuka-Ericsson, ekupheleni konyaka odlule, amadivaysi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5,6 ayesebenza e-(, IoT). Kulokhu, cishe izigidi ezingama-400 ezisebenze ngamanethiwekhi eselula, kanti ezinye zinamanethiwekhi ebanga elifushane njenge-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth noma i-ZigBee.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwangempela kwe-inthanethi Yezinto kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa namanethiwekhi e-5G. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kobuchwepheshe obusha, ekuqaleni emkhakheni webhizinisi, kungase kuvele eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu. Kodwa-ke, singalindela ukufinyelela kumanethiwekhi esizukulwane esilandelayo kumakhasimende ngamanye ngaphambi kuka-2025. Inzuzo yobuchwepheshe be-5G, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ikhono lokuphatha amadivaysi ayisigidi ahlanganiswe endaweni eyikhilomitha-skwele. Kungabonakala kuyinombolo enkulu, kepha uma ubheka ukuthi umbono we-IoT uthini ngakho amadolobha ahlakaniphilelapho, ngaphezu kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni, izimoto (kuhlanganise nezimoto ezizimele) kanye nendlu (amakhaya ahlakaniphile) kanye nemishini yehhovisi ixhunyiwe, futhi, isibonelo, izitolo nezimpahla ezigcinwe kuzo, lesi sigidi ngekhilomitha ngalinye lesikwele siyayeka ukubonakala kanjalo. enkulu. Ikakhulukazi enkabeni yedolobha noma ezindaweni ezinamahhovisi amaningi.

Qaphela, nokho, ukuthi amadivaysi amaningi axhunywe kunethiwekhi nezinzwa ezibekwe kuzo azidingi isivinini esikhulu, ngoba zidlulisela izingxenye ezincane zedatha. I-inthanethi eshesha kakhulu ayidingeki i-ATM noma indawo yokukhokha. Akudingekile ukuba nenzwa yomusi nokushisa ohlelweni lokuvikela, ukwazisa, isibonelo, umkhiqizi we-ayisikhilimu mayelana nezimo eziqandisini ezitolo. Isivinini esiphezulu nokubambezeleka okuphansi akudingekile ekuqapheni nasekulawuleni ukukhanya komgwaqo, ekudluliseni idatha esuka kumamitha kagesi namanzi, kwisilawuli kude kusetshenziswa i-smartphone yamadivayisi asekhaya axhumeke ku-IoT, noma kwezokuthutha.

Namuhla, nakuba sinobuchwepheshe be-LTE, obusivumela ukuthi sithumele amashumi ambalwa noma amakhulu ama-megabits edatha ngomzuzwana ngamanethiwekhi eselula, ingxenye ebalulekile yamadivayisi asebenza Ku-inthanethi yezinto asasetshenziswa. 2G amanethiwekhi, i.e. ibithengiswa kusukela ngo-1991. I-GSM ejwayelekile.

Ukuze unqobe umgoqo wentengo odikibalisa izinkampani eziningi ekusebenziseni i-IoT emisebenzini yazo yamanje futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibambezele ukuthuthukiswa kwayo, kuye kwathuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe ukuze kwakhiwe amanethiwekhi aklanyelwe ukusekela amadivayisi adlulisa amaphakethe wedatha amancane. Lawa manethiwekhi asebenzisa kokubili amafrikhwensi asetshenziswa opharetha beselula kanye nebhendi engenalayisense. Ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-LTE-M ne-NB-IoT (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-NB-LTE) busebenza ebhendini esetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-LTE, kuyilapho i-EC-GSM-IoT (ebizwa nangokuthi i-EC-EGPRS) isebenzisa ibhendi esetshenziswa amanethiwekhi e-2G. Kububanzi obungenalayisense, ungakhetha kuzixazululo ezifana ne-LoRa, i-Sigfox, ne-RPMA.

Zonke izinketho ezingenhla zinikeza ububanzi obubanzi futhi zenzelwe ngendlela yokuthi amadivaysi okugcina ashibhile ngangokunokwenzeka futhi adle amandla amancane ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ngaleyo ndlela asebenze ngaphandle kokushintsha ibhethri ngisho neminyaka eminingana. Ngakho-ke igama labo elihlangene - (ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ububanzi obude). Amanethiwekhi e-LPWA asebenza ezinhlotsheni ezitholakala ku-opharetha beselula adinga kuphela isibuyekezo sesofthiwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamanethiwekhi ezentengiselwano e-LPWA kubhekwa izinkampani zocwaningo i-Gartner kanye ne-Ovum njengenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-IoT.

Abahlinzeki basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene. I-Dutch KPN, eyethule inethiwekhi yayo kuzwelonke ngonyaka odlule, ikhethe i-LoRa futhi inentshisekelo ku-LTE-M. Iqembu leVodafone likhethe i-NB-IoT - kulo nyaka liqale ukwakha inethiwekhi eSpain, futhi linezinhlelo zokwakha inethiwekhi enjalo eJalimane, e-Ireland naseSpain. I-Deutsche Telekom ikhethe i-NB-IoT futhi imemezela ukuthi inethiwekhi yayo izokwethulwa emazweni ayisishiyagalombili, kuhlanganise nePoland. I-Telefonica yaseSpain ikhethe i-Sigfox ne-NB-IoT. I-Orange e-France yaqala ukwakha inethiwekhi ye-LoRa yabe isimemezela ukuthi izoqala ukukhipha amanethiwekhi e-LTE-M evela e-Spain nase-Belgium emazweni esebenza kuwo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela mhlawumbe nasePoland.

Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ye-LPWA kungase kusho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ecosystem ethile ye-IoT kuzoqala ngokushesha kunamanethiwekhi e-5G. Ukunwetshwa kokukodwa akukhiphi enye, ngoba bobabili ubuchwepheshe bubalulekile kugridi ehlakaniphile yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuxhumeka okungenantambo kwe-5G kungase kudinge okuningi noma kunjalo amandla. Ngokungeziwe kububanzi obalulwe ngenhla, indlela yokonga amandla ezingeni ledivayisi ngayinye kufanele yethulwe ngonyaka odlule. I-Bluetooth Web Platform. Izosetshenziswa inethiwekhi yama-smart bulbs, izingidi, izinzwa, njll. Ubuchwepheshe bukuvumela ukuthi uxhume kumadivayisi e-IoT ngokuqondile kusuka kusiphequluli sewebhu noma iwebhusayithi ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile.

Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ubuchwepheshe be-Web Bluetooth

5G ngaphambili

Kuhle ukwazi ukuthi ezinye izinkampani sezineminyaka ziphishekela ubuchwepheshe be-5G. Isibonelo, i-Samsung ibisebenza ngezixazululo zayo zenethiwekhi ye-5G kusukela ngo-2011. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakungenzeka ukufeza ukudluliswa kwe-1,2 Gb / s emotweni ehamba ngesivinini se-110 km / h. kanye no-7,5 Gbps kumamukeli omile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanethiwekhi okuhlola e-5G asevele ekhona futhi adalwe ngokubambisana nezinkampani ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuthi singakhuluma ngokumiswa okuseduze nasemhlabeni jikelele kwenethiwekhi entsha. U-Ericsson uyawuhlola e-Sweden nase-Japan, kodwa amathuluzi amancane wabathengi azosebenza nezinga elisha asekude. Ku-2018, ngokubambisana no-opharetha waseSweden uTeliaSonera, inkampani izokwethula amanethiwekhi okuqala e-5G e-Stockholm naseTallinn. Ekuqaleni kuzoba njalo amanethiwekhi asemadolobheni, futhi kuzodingeka silinde kuze kube ngu-5 "usayizi ogcwele" we-2020G. U-Ericsson usenakho ifoni yokuqala ye-5G. Mhlawumbe igama elithi "ifoni" igama elingalungile phela. Umshini unesisindo esingu-150 kg futhi kufanele uhambe nawo ngebhasi elikhulu elihlome ngemishini yokulinganisa.

Ngo-Okthoba odlule, izindaba zokuqalwa kwenethiwekhi ye-5G zivela kude e-Australia. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlobo zemibiko kufanele zisondelene nebanga - wazi kanjani, ngaphandle kwezinga le-5G nokucaciswa, ukuthi isevisi yesizukulwane sesihlanu yethulwe? Lokhu kufanele kushintshe uma izinga sekuvunyelwene ngalo. Uma konke kuhamba ngohlelo, amanethiwekhi e-5G asezingeni azoqala ukubonakala kuma-Olympics Wasebusika wango-2018 e-South Korea.

Amagagasi angamamilimitha namaseli amancane

Ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi ye-5G kuncike kubuchwepheshe obuningi obubalulekile.

Isiteshi esiyisisekelo esakhiwe ngabakwaSamsung

Okokuqala izixhumanisi zamagagasi amamilimitha. Imishini eminingi ixhumeka yodwa noma ku-inthanethi kusetshenziswa amaza omsakazo afanayo. Lokhu kubangela ukulahleka kwesivinini kanye nezinkinga zokusimama koxhumo. Isixazululo singase sibe ukushintshela kumagagasi amamilimitha, i.e. ebangeni lemvamisa lika-30-300 GHz. Njengamanje zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi kwezokuxhumana ngesathelayithi kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi yomsakazo, kodwa umkhawulo wazo omkhulu kube uhla lwazo olufushane. Uhlobo olusha lwe-antenna luxazulula le nkinga, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kusaqhubeka.

Ubuchwepheshe buyinsika yesibili yesizukulwane sesihlanu. Ososayensi baziqhayisa ngokuthi sebevele bekwazi ukudlulisa idatha besebenzisa amaza amamilimitha ngaphezu kwebanga elingaphezu kwamamitha angu-200. Futhi ngokoqobo yonke i-200-250 m emadolobheni amakhulu kungase kube khona, okungukuthi, iziteshi ezincane eziyisisekelo ezinamandla aphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezinabantu abambalwa, "amaseli amancane" awasebenzi kahle.

Lokhu kufanele kusize kulolu daba olungenhla Ubuchwepheshe be-MIMO isizukulwane esisha. I-MIMO iyisixazululo esiphinde sisetshenziswe ezingeni le-4G elingakhuphula umthamo wenethiwekhi engenantambo. Imfihlo isekudlulisweni kwe-multi-antenna ezinhlangothini zokudlulisela nokwamukela. Iziteshi zesizukulwane esilandelayo zingakwazi ukuphatha izimbobo eziningi ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunanamuhla ukuze zithumele futhi zamukele idatha ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi kukhuphuka ngo-22%.

Enye indlela ebalulekile ye-5G ukuthi "ekhazimulayo“. Kuyindlela yokucubungula isignali ukuze idatha ilethwe kumsebenzisi ngomzila ofanele. isiza amagagasi angamamilimitha ukuthi afinyelele idivayisi ngensimbi egxilile kunokuba adlulisele indawo yonke. Ngakho, amandla esignali ayanda futhi ukuphazamiseka kuyancishiswa.

Isici sesihlanu sesizukulwane sesihlanu kufanele kube yilokho okubizwa i-duplex egcwele. I-Duplex iwukudlulisa ngezindlela ezimbili, okungukuthi eyodwa lapho ukudluliswa nokwamukela ulwazi kungenzeka kuzo zombili izinkomba. I-duplex egcwele isho ukuthi idatha idluliswa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kokudlulisela. Lesi sixazululo sithuthukiswa njalo ukuze kuzuzwe imingcele engcono kakhulu.

 

Isizukulwane sesithupha?

Kodwa-ke, amalebhu asevele esebenza kokuthile okusheshayo kune-5G - yize futhi, asazi kahle ukuthi siyini isizukulwane sesihlanu. Ososayensi baseJapane bakha ukudluliswa kwedatha okungenazintambo esikhathini esizayo, njengokungathi, inguqulo elandelayo, yesithupha. Kubandakanya ukusebenzisa amaza kusuka ku-300 GHz nangaphezulu, futhi isivinini esizuziwe sizoba ngu-105 Gb / s esiteshini ngasinye. Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha sekuyiminyaka eminingana kuqhubeka. NgoNovemba odlule, i-500 Gb/s yafinyelelwa kusetshenziswa ibhendi ye-terahertz engu-34 GHz, kwase kuba ngu-160 Gb/s kusetshenziswa isidluliseli kubhendi engu-300-500 GHz (amashaneli ayisishiyagalombili alungiswe ngezikhawu ezingu-25 GHz). ) - okungukuthi, imiphumela izikhathi eziningi ezinkulu kunamakhono alindelekile enethiwekhi ye-5G. Impumelelo yakamuva ingumsebenzi weqembu lososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseHiroshima kanye nabasebenzi basePanasonic ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ulwazi mayelana nobuchwepheshe lufakwe kuwebhusayithi yenyuvesi, okucatshangwayo kanye nendlela yenethiwekhi ye-terahertz yethulwa ngoFebhuwari 2017 engqungqutheleni ye-ISSCC eSan Francisco.

Njengoba wazi, ukwanda kwemvamisa yokusebenza akugcini nje ukunika amandla ukudluliswa kwedatha ngokushesha, kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ububanzi besignali, futhi kwandisa ukuthambekela kwayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphazamiseka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukwakha ingqalasizinda eyinkimbinkimbi futhi esabalaliswe ngokuminyene.

Kuyaqapheleka futhi ukuthi izinguquko - njengenethiwekhi ye-2020G ehlelelwe u-5 bese kuba inethiwekhi ye-terahertz ecatshangelwayo eshesha nakakhulu - isho isidingo sokushintsha izigidi zamadivayisi ngezinguqulo eziguqulelwe kumazinga amasha. Lokhu cishe kuzonciphisa kakhulu izinga loshintsho futhi kubangele uguquko oluhlosiwe ukuthi lube yinguquko.

Ukuze iqhubeke Inombolo yesihloko kumagazini wakamuva wanyanga zonke.